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Sossianus Hierocles
Sossianus Hierocles (fl. 303) was a late Roman aristocrat and office-holder. He served as a ''praeses'' in Syria under Diocletian at some time in the 290s. He was then made ''vicarius'' of some district, perhaps Oriens (the East, including Syria, Palestine, and, at the time, Egypt) until 303, when he was transferred to Bithynia. It is for his anti-Christian activities in Bithynia that he is principally remembered. He was, in the words of the ''Cambridge Ancient History'', "one of the most zealous of persecutors".〔Bowman, 86; cf. Clarke, 658 n. 168.〕 While in Bithynia, Hierocles authored ''Lover of Truth'' (Greek: Φιλαλήθης, ''Philalethes''; also known as Φιλαλήθης λόγος, ''Philalethes logos''), a critique of Christianity. ''Lover of Truth'' is noted as the first instance of the trope, popular in later pagan polemic, of comparing the pagan holy man Apollonius of Tyana to Jesus Christ.
Hierocles was among the campaigners for a stronger policy against Christians present at Diocletian's court through the early 4th century. The campaigners' aims were as realized in February 303 with the edicts of the Great Persecution, which expelled Christians from government service, deprived them of normal legal rights, and left them open to imprisonment and execution if they did not comply with traditional religious rites. Hierocles was avid enforcer of these edicts in his function as ''praeses'' of Bithynia, and again while serving as ''praefectus Aegypti'' during the late 300s or early 310s. It is largely through incidental notes in the Christian author Lactantius' ''On the Deaths of the Persecutors'' and ''Divine Institutes'' and Eusebius of Caesarea's ''On the Martyrs of Palestine'' and ''Against Hierocles'' that we are aware of his activities. Inscriptions at Palmyra preserve the details of his early career.
==Career==
Hierocles was a ''praeses'' at some time between 293 and 303.〔''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum'' (3.133 = 3.6661 ); ''Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'' 1.432 s.v. "Sossianvs Hierocles 4", citing ''L'Annėe Epigraphique'' 1932, 79 = ''Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum'' 7.152.〕 The ''Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'' (''PLRE'') states that, as ''praeses'', he governed Phoenice Libanensis,〔''Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'' 1.432 s.v. "Sossianvs Hierocles 4".〕 the province on the eastern side of Mount Lebanon. The district included Palmyra, where the inscription attesting to Hierocles' career is located.〔Simmons, 848.〕 Hierocles was the ''vicarius'' of some district (which Simmons and Barnes identify as Oriens〔Barnes, "Sossianus Hierocles", 244–45; Simmons, 848.〕) before 303; in the latter year he was made ''praeses'' of Bithynia.〔Lactantius, ''De Mortibus Persecutorum'' 16.4.〕 Although an apparent demotion (''praeses'' was a lower rank than ''vicarius'', with fewer responsibilities and less prestige), the move brought Hierocles closer to the imperial court, and thus the real ''locus'' of power: the person of the emperor.〔Barnes, "Sossianus Hierocles", 243–44.〕
Hierocles was later made ''praefectus Aegypti''. He is attested as such by a papyrus from Karanis (''Papyri Cairo Isiodrus'' (69 ) = ''Sammelbuch griechischer Urkunden aus Aegypten'' (9186 ) Karanis). However, while the papyrus's date is clear (January), its year is not. It has been identified as either 307 or 310/11; most experts take the later date,〔Barnes, "Sossianus Hierocles", 244, 244 n. 25.〕 though the ''PLRE'' takes the former.〔''Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'' 1.432 s.v. "Sossianvs Hierocles 4", citing C. Vandersleyen, ''Journal of Juristic Papyrology'' 13 (1961): 109–22.〕 Eusebius, in the ''Martyrs of Palestine'', gives a similarly ambiguous date: after describing the martyrdom of Apphianus (2 April 306), Eusebius moves to the martyrdom of Apphianus' brother Adesius, who, "a little later", assaulted the prefect Hierocles in Alexandria and was executed.〔Eusebius, ''De Martyribus Palestinae'' (long recension) 5.3; Barnes, "Sossianus Hierocles", 244.〕 Nor do the existing lists of Egyptian prefects allow further precision: the ''fasti'' have gaps between Clodius Culcianus on 29 May 306 (''Papyri Oxyrhynchus'' (1104 )) and Valerius Victorinus in 308 (''Papyri Oxyrhynchus'' (2674 )) as well as between Aelius Hyginus 22 June 309 (''Papyri Oxyrhynchus'' (2667 )) and Aurelius Ammonius on 18 August 312 (''Chrestomathie'' (2.64 )).〔Barnes, "Sossianus Hierocles", 244.〕 Timothy Barnes argues that the balance of probabilities favors the 310/311 date, as it would be consistent with what is known of Maximinus' actions elsewhere in the same period. In Palestine, in 308, he replaced the governor there with another, firmer supporter of his program of persecution.〔Eusebius, ''De Martyribus Palestinae'' 8.1; Barnes, "Sossianus Hierocles", 244.〕
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